Brief History of Medicine in the seventeenth century
France and Europe
What kind of medicine he had under Louis XIV?
Barbers and hairdressers and doctors depending on your status.
The Hippocratic Oath
To heal the body, most of the King's subjects uses the "empirical" charitable ladies, but also priests and healers healer. At the end of the seventeenth. Century, it is considered in all the kingdom of France two hundred medical doctors. 
To do so, simply a title of bachelor. Like the King, the richest then their particular doctor.
Some cities also undertake a municipal doctor in charge of ensuring safety while others work exclusively or corporations who pay them a year to care for their members. Some are quick to assemble at their bedside several doctors simultaneously.
Molière mocks also in "The Imaginary Invalid" of this practice.The first doctor's function is to make a diagnosis. He is content to observe that the excreta, urine taste, and feel the pulse. Auscultation is exceptional. Besides the prohibitive fees of doctors dismiss as many people in 2011.
We then used the "surgeons".Those "long dress",which have studied, only work for wealthier jealous.
Dress
At the beginning of XVII surgeons were, indeed, separated into two groups that were
So-called barber-surgeons of short dress whose surgical practice was content to treat nails, anthrax, bumps and coals. They were both shave and a haircut, that opening abscesses, put suction cups and especially bleed.
Surgeons Masters have the right to wear a long black cassock, they are said robe, often met in brotherhood, which the only possible operations practiced at the time: trepanation, cure hernias, fistulas, bladder size amputations. "We also practiced the lowering of cataract explantation of various tumors, including breast, variceal ligation, incision of haemorrhoidal thrombosis,
etc.know the tracheotomy in cases of croup and trephination in head injuries. In the abdominal wounds, silk ensures digestive sutures while the wall is closed by wax hemp. On the most cautious hernias recommended to use bandages and other machinery as the hernia repair procedure had a bad reputation.
Digestive fistulae and recurrences were less serious complications. Unless the testicular sacrifice is accepted: "At the clergyman, it is even an advantage," notes Dionis. Anesthesia, of course was replaced by solid acolytes and effectively cross straps. The patient was allowed to scream. But if he was of noble birth, he clenched his teeth in silence.
"Shortdress
These "short dress", otherwise known as "barber-surgeons",are allowed to bleed to pull teeth, ask leeches ... or barbers.
In the cities and in the countryside, they constitute the bulk of the medical infrastructure. But the incompetence of those "doctors parish" is frequently highlighted. For those who have no means, it remains hospitals, where they will die.
Bleeding,seen as a necessary purge that was very fashionable.
If it is enough to appeal to a or
"renoueur""bonesetter" when dislocated arm, surgeons are only allowed to operate without any anesthesia.
Epidemics, the scourge of hunger, poor living conditions, food, hygiene cause the evils of the Grand Siècle. Infants are carried away by diarrhea and toxicosis, children with whooping cough, mumps, measles, the rubella, chickenpox ...
The "small pox" or smallpox is particularly dreaded: it kills enjoyed twenty-five percent of children to be one to four years. These diseases also strike adults genuine smallpox epidemics broke out in Reims in 1668, in Paris two years later. To protect themselves, we can only breathe through "sponges soaked wise and Genevieve." 
Louis XIV is sew up the anus
Women die of puerperal fever, breast cancer and men tuberculosis, syphilis ... Flu and lung diseases have havoc in the elderly. The slightest wound can become infected and when one does not die of tetanus is beyond gangrene and Lully and Louis XI himself, whose left leg rotted to the knee.
Surgeons of King Louis XIV
They were ten in number.
Before the meeting surgeons with the barbers, the king had his first surgeon and his first barber. This association appeared so singular to Louis XIV, he wished that the rights had his first barber on the barber-surgeons,were united with those of his first surgeon on the actual surgeons; and this meeting was effected by a decree of the Council of 6 August 1668. By means of what the first surgeon and became chief of surgery and Barberie; he became chief backlash by hairdressers-bathers-étuvistes,or barbers hairdressers-but then La Barberie was completely abandoned to hairdressers.
The first surgeon of King
In 1668, Louis XIV (1643-1715) appoints its first surgeon Felix, Chief Commonwealth of Barbers and Surgeons;bringing together when charging the first valet de chambre, the king barber, to the first surgeon.
As the first surgeon with the title of "chief guard and charters, statutes and privileges of surgery and the Barberie kingdom "has on all surgeons, midwives and other exercisers any part whatsoever of the surgery and La Barberie, a kind of economic jurisdiction, which consists in the right of inspection and verification of all persons subject to the jurisdiction.
This statement has retained the first surgeon inspection on these two bodies, with the title of "Chief of Surgery" with regard Surgeons, and that of "inspector and CEO, committed by his majesty "as regards the Barberie and profession of hairdresser, with an injunction to ensure that none of the said body seeks to win over the other.
To make assembling communities of surgeons and barbers for their business and other necessary receiving aspirants; to preside at such meetings; from there take the first word; of the votes; to pronounce the deliberations; administer oaths, hear and finalize the accounts, and finally to observe discipline, good order and the rules and regulations given the fact of surgery and Barberie and take informed regarding professions.
Long before that time, the first barber of the king was in possession of the same court in Paris and in the cities of the provinces, but the only barber surgeons, who were then a separate body of the masters in the art and science of surgery.
It seems that the original rights of the first barber in this regard goes back to the ancient custom of francs, according to which each was entitled to be tried or settled by his peers, ie by persons of the same state .
Surgery
KitDoctor Gachet 
Kit Homeopathic Derode, engraved with the name of Doctor Gachet, Van Gogh's doctor.
In the nineteenth century, there is a craze for homeopathy.
For all the health professions, the sixteenth century was that of surgeon Ambroise Paré.
His extraordinary success in all areas of surgery (even obstetrics and dental surgery) belonged to his glory in the field of military surgery (injuries by firearms) and forensics. But the seventeenth century was the century of medical reaction against the surgeons; doctors even obtained that surgeons are again related to barbers.
Founder of tissue pathology, Xavier Bichat, student Desault to Charity opened the era of modern medicine. His work, published after his death by his students, opens the way to the histology and anatomy whose extensions give rise to the cell theory and anatomy of the central nervous system. 
However, the promotion of the surgery was underway. First, because of the anecdote (fistula of Louis XIV by his remarkably neat Foelix surgeon especially detachment surgery that related to aesthetics (creation in the seventeenth century the corporation of barber-hairdressers, ancestors of our hairdressers) and its irresistible combination, among others because of the anatomy and dissection, with scholarly disciplines. Thus, despite the protest of doctors, was created by Louis XV College, then called Academy of Surgery (1748).
In the eighteenth century, it was a commonplace among the enlightened minds, claiming that the meeting of medicine and surgery.
Note that the barber-hairdressers retained something learned they held their old union with surgeons: until the end of the old regime, they followed courses at the Academy of Surgery.
Louis-Sébastien Mercier remarked jokingly that covered the wig powder (hence the nickname "whiting" to the hairdresser), they left a trail marking out the path of this Academy.
It should be noted further that the promotion of the surgery was made at the expense of the authority and independence of midwives.
At the end of the old regime, the new doctor-a surgeon had also supported the field of deliveries.
Exfoliative says "Ambroise Pare" (dated 1748) or tripod-lifting. Manufactured by Vigneron cutler in Paris, following a model of Ambroise Pare, it can raise a head recess.
Pharmacy
Under Louis XIII was created the Royal Garden of Medicinal Plants (then called Garden of the King and since the Revolution, Museum of Natural History). They gave free courses there, on the model of those of the Collège de France (created by Francis I).
Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon (1707 - 1788)
We know that under Louis XV, Buffon became the director and pointing toward the cutting edge scientific research in the area, overlooked by universities, natural sciences and transformed by the Convention in the Natural History Museum, it lives add a zoology department (originally menagerie of Versailles and confiscation of animals shown in the streets) and mineralogy (originally confiscation of collections belonging to emigrants). 
Note also that the pharmacy was not officially separated from the grocery store during the reign of Louis XVI
DOCTOR
If the doctor is now a major character, our ancestors have for centuries past him, merely when they were sick, the revenues from the neighbor, the priest or healer. And, if they were using him, they often paid in poultry or vegetables ...
The teaching of medicine before 1789
tooth-puller
Until the nineteenth century, we find in France that three medical schools: Paris, Strasbourg and Montpellier. Under the Old Regime, studies are long, expensive and heavily regulated. The real doctors are scarce. It is easier - but less prestigious - to be surgeon and only treat external wounds: surgeon wearing dress long or
barber surgeon wearing short dress
(Until Louis XIV separates and prohibits barbers to exercise medical procedure). 
The first major reform was made by Louis XIV. He wants to do only one discipline of the two materials (medicine and surgery) and, since it is impossible to get physicians to lower themselves to learn surgery, he taught medicine surgeons. The creation of a surgical Academy is a first step that allows quickly to make them the equals of physicians, first out, then prestige. The reform of studies and examinations is then allow scientific progress of the discipline.
Medicine under the Revolution
Art sucking wounds in 1707
However, much remains to improve When arrive to the Revolution,system. but in two years (1792-1793), the new government made a clean sweep of the old Missing colleges, missing surgeons communities, corporations apothecaries, missing medical school and learned societies. Even hospitals are sold and just pay a license for the right to practice as a doctor! Needless to say quacks multiply and that the new legislation does not last long. The three former health schools (Paris, Strasbourg and Montpellier) are reorganized 1795 anddoctorate is restored. The experimental sciences are honored.
Doctors at a discount?
Doctors at a discount?
Navy Box English
A new category of doctors is however created in parallel, to address the insufficient number of students trained each year. Besides the "great" that followed still dear studies (1 000 to 1 500 F per year),it establishes a health officer corps, practitioners "junior" who have passed an examination after three years' studies(about 200 F per year)or five years of practice in a hospital or six years learning to a doctor. But they can not exercise outside their department and they should get the assistance of a doctor "real" for important operations. Dr. Bovary, Flaubert described, is one of these health officers so numerous in the nineteenth century. 
The fees are totally free, related to the reputation of the practitioner, the severity of disease ... and fortune patient. The doctor is often "a brave active and devoted man, full of zeal and charity for the farmer, who pays him in counts hats in poultry, fresh eggs, vegetables and ... when he pays."
Physician or apothecary
Apothecary
In the eighteenth century apothecary and pharmacist: two separate trades. The pharmacist sells already made specialties, the apothecary, he conducts drug prescriptions. Behind their desks and their binoculars, modern science and pharmacists 1568 recognition.
The apothecary, assistant doctors and surgeons in charge "this part of medicine that involves the preparation of remedies" (Furetière): it selects and weighs ingredients, crushed, kneaded, pulverized, mixed ... and made syrups, pills, plasters any claims of its customers. It is somehow the preparer of our existing pharmacies. Most apothecaries receive from their father or stepfather their shop and most of their knowledge and before the nineteenth century, few would follow further theoretical studies.
Under the Old Regime,the profession remains low widespread and rivaled the one hand, by doctors and surgeons who distribute and manufacture the medicines, many also by grocers and druggists, religious, itinerant quacks, healers or sorcerers village. Everyone tinkers in his corner his own remedies (concoctions with vinegar, hot wine, water spirits ...), receipts and pamphlets popularized early sixteenth. The parish priests often give advice and sometimes annotate in the margins of parish registers some good medicinal recipes. The neighboring or healer seem just as effective as the doctor or pharmacist. Finally, it is cheaper to poor people than the official medicine. Shortly before the Revolution, for example, Paris has only eighty-four apothecaries masters.
The practice of pharmacy
professionals statutes and regulations apothecaries and pharmacists date back to 1484 and sometimes even older texts. So a decree of the Paris Faculty of Medicine 1301 forbids them to give patients drugs without a prescription from a doctor they must retain for a possible justification. They should also show in their pharmacy a list of doctors of the city or neighborhood. They are successful competition against doctors and grocers in the seventeenth century.
Learning requires some input fortune (for studies, control costs and pharmacy) in principle knowledge (grammar, Latin, rhetoric), a minimum of fourteen or sixteen, and sometimes belonging to the Catholic religion.
Apprentices(practicum)and companions (development), future teachers take exams, including plants, the composition and preparation of drugs, and must achieve a masterpiece, of varying difficulty following communities. The opening of the store, indicated by a sign on feature, comes with certain formalities and an oath XIV.
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